| | Jeff,
Let me step in here a minute. I do not see any problem with attributing the drive of an act of genius to the need for survival. Sumner merely uses the word, "need," but I take it to be survival and survival-related activities.
A man needs to survive. To make it easier, one man uses rational cognition and invents the wheel. That is an act of genius. The idea spreads like wildfire. I can see where this can be considered as spontaneous.
I have a real problem with this spontaneous idea for the invention of a currency, however, as opposed to barter. This needs planning (which could have been by one individual or several), but needs acceptance by more than one to work.
A centralized act of design already. One of the foundations of market.
I also have a problem with the idea of folkways in the manner it is used. Folkways do exist, but so do independent acts of judgment, and they have at the genius level throughout human history much to the benefit of all of us. I see many of those acts of genius occurring at a broader level than the "invention of the wheel" example I gave, including the "centralized design" one where many people in varying degrees of influence are involved at the outset. I do not see one idea (folkways) canceling or contradicting the other (centralized design). Sometimes I see one and sometimes I see the other. Individuals and individual input are always involved, but the social texture is much different depending on the event.
Also, the acceptance process that Sumner gave, the inventor being ignored for a long time and his invention gradually accepted, occurs only when the invention is spontaneous and individual. When the inventor has a bit of power (or public exposure nowadays, instead of power, due to highly efficient immediate communications vehicles), his influence is much greater so he is not ignored.
Michael
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