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Saturday, December 18, 2010 - 7:53pmSanction this postReply
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(1) Wisdom/prudence, (2) temperance, (3) justice, and (4) courage/fortitude. These, according to the ancients, are the 4 cardinal virtues. When I began the study of philosophy, I was taken in by them.

Is there an unfilled hole -- a missing link (i.e., courage) -- in the list of Objectivist virtues?

Ed


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Saturday, December 18, 2010 - 9:53pmSanction this postReply
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I believe that it's subsumed under the virtue of integrity or honesty. "[C]ourage is the practical form of being true to existence, of being true to truth . . ." (Included under the entry for "Integrity" in The Ayn Rand Lexicon, p. 223)

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Saturday, December 18, 2010 - 9:53pmSanction this postReply
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"Courage and confidence are practical necessities . . . courage is the practical form of being true to existence, of being true to truth, and confidence is the practical form of being true to one’s own consciousness." Galt’s Speech, For the New Intellectual, pg 129

Courage becomes that practical necessity only in the face of fear. The greater one's certainty, the less the fear. The more honestly focused the consciousness, the less the fear. The stronger the allegience to ones core principles, the less the fear. To give in to the fear is as much a failure of integrity as of courage. I suspect that the most prevalent fears aren't of physical dangers, but of inner conflicts, of breached psychological defenses, of betraying ones better self, and of challenges avoided. The aspect of existence that one isn't true too in those cases is one's self. Courage first requires honesty with one's self, and acknowledging one's principles, after which the responsibililty shifts to integrity and honoring one's values. The higher the self-esteem, the less likely one is to turn their back on their values, or live in a world of self-doubt or self-ignorance.

So, courage is diminished as a virtue only because the practice of those other virtues make it less of an issue.

I suspect that when those other virtues are operating at a high level, rationally weighed risks are more likely to make for excitement than to require courage.

Edit: [Bill and I cross posted]
(Edited by Steve Wolfer on 12/18, 9:55pm)


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Sunday, December 19, 2010 - 12:16amSanction this postReply
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Thanks, guys.

That was helpful.

Ed


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Post 4

Sunday, December 19, 2010 - 3:29pmSanction this postReply
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Ed T., Tara Smith has a section on courage starting on page 192 in Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics. Even if you don't have the book, you can read it on Amazon here. Use the Look Inside feature. Search for courage and then click on the hit for page 192.

Edit: You need to be signed in to see page 192. 

(Edited by Merlin Jetton on 12/19, 3:37pm)


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Sunday, December 19, 2010 - 4:20pmSanction this postReply
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I like what Tara Smith had to say about courage, and I've always seen it as the virtue drawn upon to follow one's principles in the face of danger... but when I wrote my post above I did so with the understanding that most of will not face danger in the form of coming under fire in a war, or a mugging. Most of us will go through life without needing to draw upon our courage in that kind of situation.

But nearly all of us will be called upon year after year to act in face of smaller, irrational fears that arise out having less than perfect self-esteem, less than fully integrated principles in all areas. And as I started writing that post above, I realized that the amount of courage needed, and the number of situations we are liable to encounter depend a lot upon our self-esteem levels. It is a very dynamic virtue.

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