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Uninformed or misinformed conservatives say that you cannot refuse Federal money because it is "legal tender." That is nonsense. But this statement (Amendment 14 Section 4) seems to hold potential. Consider the Demand Notes of 1861 and the Legal Tender Notes of 1862-1863. These were representations of debt, acceptable by the government for payment, except for import duties, and "backed" (to use the term loosely) at the pleasure of the government in 20-year 6% bonds, which they might give you for your "greenbacks."
Unlike silver certificates or gold notes, these were not any kind of warehouse receipt or convenience. They were debt.
Now, fast forward... What is a Federal Reserve Note? Can you "question the debt of the United States" by refusing one? I know of no cases. However, it is a principle that Presidential Orders are problematic because you never know when or how they will be applied.
Also, suppose you invented a new alloy and the government wanted a few hundred tons and you said, "No, I will not sell to the government because I am not sure you are actually good for the money you promise." You could refuse on other grounds, perhaps: "I just don't like you guys." But you cannot question the debt of the United States.
Can the government require its citizens to buy bonds? They did not try that in World War II - but they did not need to... And they did not have Income Tax Withholding at the start of the War, but enacted it later. So, just to say, an emergency of some kind could force this.
The deeper question is one of law: Can the Constitution bind a private citizen? The Constitution limited and then outlawed slavery. It might be argued that that was a definition of law as being a slave was a legal status. But then the 18th Amendment prohibited "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors ... for beverage purposes..." And that certainly interfered with private decisions.
I was unaware of the provisions of the 14th Amendment. I just lumped 13, 14, and 15 together as "Reconstruction" but I understand now the error in such a shallow perception.
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