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Monday, July 21, 2008 - 11:53amSanction this postReply
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Did Rand really complete her epistemology, or did she stop short? Can the Objectivist conclusions based upon the nature of the individual (let's call it individual Objectivism), be stretched or extended to cover societies, or should there have been more Objectivist study and analysis on the nature of groups, to determine a non-contradictory and consistent Objectivist philosophy (group Objectivism) that doesn't contradict core (individual) Objectivist beliefs, but provides a fact-based, natural Objectivist guideline for establishing a free and rational society.

(Exhale!)

I would suggest that Objectivism relies upon the concept of 'enlightened self interest', which Rand herself suggested was a scarce commodity. On an individual level, this is certainly a possibility. However, societies more closely resemble an individual suffering from multiple-personality disorder. They do not, and arguably, I think, cannot behave the same as a rational individual. They have a different nature.

It is my current opinion that Objectivist thought stopped short of examining the nature of groups, but that such parallel epistemological analysis can and even should be accomplished to finish Rand's work properly. The end result could be a comprehensive Objectivist philosophy which can more efficiently answer and effectively silence modern critics.

By the way, I'm new to this group. Hello.

jt

Post 1

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 1:30pmSanction this postReply
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Hi, Jay. Welcome. You should fill out your profile so we know a little about you and your context - age, profession, reading background, etc.

As for your question, Rand explicitly endorsed laissez faire capitalism and the restricted constitutional form of government of the founding fathers. Also, she endorsed the theory of government of Isabel Paterson's God of the Machine minus Paterson's Jesuit Catholic theology. Being a minarchist, she didn't have any need to outline a detailed theory of government as in a list of regulations and programs. Likewise, she needed no theory of market regulation. Order emerges in the market spontaneously as explained by the "invisible hand" analogy. Other thinkers have addressed this at length.

So what is it that she needs to explain in detail with a theory of society? She has no artificial end that she wants to coerce people into accepting or pursuing. So she has no need to detail what that end might be. Perhaps you could provide a few concrete examples of what it is that you think Rand needs to explain that she hasn't? For example, are you instead of politics and economics talking about etiquette or fashion? Rand doesn't have a theory of hemlines, and I doubt she would have wanted one - although a neo-Marxist might. With a few specific concretes your the point of your post would be much clearer and easier to address.

(Edited by Ted Keer on 7/21, 2:29pm)


Post 2

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 1:52pmSanction this postReply
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Jay,

What is your answer to the Objectivist view that groups, societies or collectives are not moral agents, and cannot therefore be considered beneficiaries? According to Objectivism, there is no such thing as the common good; there is only the individual good -- the good for each individual human being.

You write,
Can the Objectivist conclusions based upon the nature of the individual (let's call it individual Objectivism), be stretched or extended to cover societies, or should there have been more Objectivist study and analysis on the nature of groups, to determine a non-contradictory and consistent Objectivist philosophy (group Objectivism) that doesn't contradict core (individual) Objectivist beliefs, but provides a fact-based, natural Objectivist guideline for establishing a free and rational society.
While there is no such beneficiary as society, there is such a thing as society, which is simply a large group of people who interact with one another. "A free and rational society" is therefore one in which each individual is free to choose his own actions and to conduct his life without interference from others. Objectivism has already explained the political and economic benefits of living in such a society. After all, politics is the fourth branch of philosophy -- the application of ethics to social interaction -- and it's certainly no secret that the Objectivist view of politics is one of laissez-faire capitalism. So, I'm not sure what it is that you feel is lacking in Rand's social or political philosophy. Care to elaborate?

- Bill

Post 3

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 3:00pmSanction this postReply
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Hi Jay,

Rand was pretty much against studying society. And I quote:

"Modern collectivists . . . see society as a super-organism, as some supernatural entity apart from and superior to the sum of its individual members." Collectivist Rights, Virtue of Selfishness (VOS).

"A great deal may be learned about society by studying man; but this process cannot be reversed: nothing can be learned about man by studying society—by studying the inter-relationships of entities one has never identified or defined." What is Capitalism?, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal.
 
I think she might've been a bit off on this point, but nonetheless, there it stands. 
 
Jordan


Post 4

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 3:36pmSanction this postReply
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There was a reference, I believe in the Objectivist or a later newsletter, where Rand (or maybe Branden?) referred to a someone presenting an Objectivist oriented theory of sociology. The idea was not dismissed out of hand, just approached with suspicion. In any case, it would not be a matter of philosophy, but of empirical observation in a specific field, as is linguistics or archaeology. Objectivism is a philosophy, not an all-encompassing a priori theory of everything. Rand explicitly disavowed cosmologizing.

Post 5

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 4:34pmSanction this postReply
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The closest thing to an Objectivist viewing of sociology so far would be The Age of Rand book.......

Post 6

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 4:06pmSanction this postReply
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Ted,

I'm not suggesting there need be any artificial end that Rand could have pursued. I simply think that once she established the Objectivist epistemology, and core principals - which I think are exemplary examples of clear and logical thinking - she devoted the rest of her time to promoting and defending her accomplishments.

That core knowledge is based upon her analysis of the nature of life - well defined on all counts - but really quite specific to personal INDIVIDUAL behavior. It provides clear moral and ethical guidelines for individuals.

What I am suggesting is that the nature of GROUPS is different from the nature of individuals. Groups are incapable of (with any consistence) functioning as an individual, and thus will have their own separate epistemology (to be discovered), which should still be non-contradictory of, and consistent with (though not identical to) individualistic Objectivism.

In particular, Group Objectivist epistemology and ethics, could logically support individual Objectivism, but also more accurately address politics - which are clearly group or societal issues.

Presently, Objectivism is thinly stretched beyond individual ethics to encompass societal issues. Trying to do so, and consequently failing, is what hampers Objectivism from becoming the more obvious solution.

I strongly believe in following the facts, and think that the difference between the natural behavior of individual and the natural behavior of groups are simply being ignored.

What I am absolutely not suggesting is any collectivist thought. One should not presume that when this discussion gravitates towards group or societal philosophy, that such discussion should be conceded to collectivists. Quite to the contrary, I am saying that only an objective/Objectivist approach to the facts relating to groups will yield a proper analysis. And in the end, that the resulting epistemology and ethics derived therefrom will obviate Objectivist reason, and open societies - as societies - to pursue 'enlightened self interest'.

jt

Post 7

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 4:28pmSanction this postReply
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William D,

You write: "Objectivist view of politics is one of laissez-faire capitalism. So, I'm not sure what it is that you feel is lacking in Rand's social or political philosophy. Care to elaborate? "

First, I'm not suggesting that 'society' should be a beneficiary (although I do think most Objectivist - taking a long term view - do logically & naturally wish to contribute in some way to our species).

I do support the concept of laissez-faire capitalism, but even Rand recognized the necessity of protecting rights. In this regard, I believe that the only rational, logical view is that laws and regulations are morally and ethically essential as tools to protect those rights. The problem is much more adequately defined by saying "what laws" and "what regulations".

In the US, the founding fathers were smart enough to establish a constitutional democracy, the intent of which was to prevent the establishment of unfair or improper laws as result of popular or mob rule. The bill of rights furthered this goal. All well and good, but as we've witnessed through the years, not quite (even remotely) good enough.

Regulatory agencies are often incompetent and frequently support favoritism or popularism. Their charters fail to prevent this, and so undermine and subvert what valid protections they might otherwise have afforded us.

I believe it is possible to create enlightened regulations, whose sole purpose is to protect us from the less honest among us. Throwing out all regulations is like the baby and the bath water analogy.

jt

Post 8

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 5:44pmSanction this postReply
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Jay, I still think you need to give concrete examples. You say that some regulations might be good to protect us from the dishonest. Like what? Since you are making the claim, you should be specific. Otherwise we might address a straw man in trying to refute your claim. I can imagine some sorts of "regulations" I might support - although I'd call them laws. But it's not my place to provide your argument for you.

As for group epistemology, what do you mean? There are no collective minds. I think you may mean something other than epistemology. For instance, peer reviewed science is a "group" phenomenon, but it reduces to individuals using reason and expecting it from others. People do act as mobs, but I'd call this a reversion to animality when individuals forgo their own mental sovereignty. Such "epistemology" is more like a specific type of mental pathology.

Thanks for filling out your profile.

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Post 9

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 6:31pmSanction this postReply
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Some thoughts:

Jay wrote:

However, societies more closely resemble an individual suffering from multiple-personality disorder. They do not, and arguably, I think, cannot behave the same as a rational individual. They have a different nature.


Jay, could it be that "society" is comprised of multiple individuals each with their own unique personalities, hence the observation of "multiple personalities"? I wouldn't call it a disorder but rather a recognition we are unique individuals, and we are each an end to ourselves.

I do support the concept of laissez-faire capitalism, but even Rand recognized the necessity of protecting rights. In this regard, I believe that the only rational, logical view is that laws and regulations are morally and ethically essential as tools to protect those rights. The problem is much more adequately defined by saying "what laws" and "what regulations".


If you can give a clarification here of what you understand the terms used here to mean. It seems to me you are implying "laissez-faire capitalism" is synonymous with "anarchy"?

Post 10

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 8:39pmSanction this postReply
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Jordan,

You said:

Rand was pretty much against studying society. And I quote:

"Modern collectivists . . . see society as a super-organism, as some supernatural entity apart from and superior to the sum of its individual members." Collectivist Rights, Virtue of Selfishness (VOS).

"A great deal may be learned about society by studying man; but this process cannot be reversed: nothing can be learned about man by studying society—by studying the inter-relationships of entities one has never identified or defined." What is Capitalism?, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal.

I think she might've been a bit off on this point, but nonetheless, there it stands.

I'm inclined to agree that "Modern Collectivists" might hold that view. However, I'm not a collectivist. I think that Objectivists have not thoroughly examined the nature of groups (or societies), or -so far - tried to present an objective analysis of the nature of groups. I also agree with Rand that there is little to be learn about individual nature by the study of group nature. However, I believe there is much that may be discerned about group nature.

jt

PS: You can just call me jt

Post 11

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 8:56pmSanction this postReply
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I'm not really talking about sociology here. I'm still talking about philosophy. I would expect the same jumping off point for group nature, as Rand took for examining individual nature. The points would likely be identical up to a certain stage, and probably begin to diverge a little when analyzing goals. I would expect one primary goal of group Objectivism to be the effective protection of individual rights. Yet since the nature of groups (conflictive personalities) effectively undermines any guarantee of rational self interest, what are correct and natural ethics for groups will ultimately differ from individual ethics, even though they strive to assure the same ultimate goal. All this and non-contradictory too.

Never said it would be easy, only that it is logical.

jt

Post 12

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 9:11pmSanction this postReply
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Ted,

Well, as example, we do live in an imperfect world. Not all businessmen behave with 'enlightened self interest'. Some are more materialistic, and see no problem in making misrepresentations about their companies or products. On the one hand, we could easily say "laissez-faire' will take care of weeding them out, and I'd agree that this is probably, ultimately true. However, even Rand felt government had a role in protecting its citizens. Such fraud is no different than outright theft.

Dealing with such fraud (which covers a lot of ground), and protecting people from it, is the only legitimate role of regulation. It would seem that completely rejecting the concept of regulation because of the failure or abuse of (even many) existing regulations, is contrary to good logic.

jt

Post 13

Monday, July 21, 2008 - 9:21pmSanction this postReply
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John,

You said: "If you can give a clarification here of what you understand the terms used here to mean. It seems to me you are implying "laissez-faire capitalism" is synonymous with "anarchy"?"

Pinned down, I would have to say that in its purest definition, laissez faire capitalism will be insufficient to protect the honest, hard-working capitalists from the dishonest second-handers. The most valid concern that should be raised about regulations is how do we prevent second-handers from being in position to write or establish BAD regulations. The authority of all regulatory agencies should be pared down to assure they do no more than fulfill their essential purpose - we need to carefully regulate the regulators.

jt

Post 14

Tuesday, July 22, 2008 - 2:03amSanction this postReply
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Jay, I can see that you are trying here, so forgive my frustration. You said:

"Well, as example, we do live in an imperfect world. Not all businessmen behave with 'enlightened self interest'. Some are more materialistic, and see no problem in making misrepresentations about their companies or products. On the one hand, we could easily say "laissez-faire' will take care of weeding them out, and I'd agree that this is probably, ultimately true. However, even Rand felt government had a role in protecting its citizens. Such fraud [what fraud? You haven't yet given an example. You can't use "such" as a determiner for a noun to which you haven't already referred in the same train of thought.*] is no different than outright theft.

Dealing with such fraud (which covers a lot of ground), and protecting people from it, is the only legitimate role of regulation. It would seem that completely rejecting the concept of regulation because of the failure or abuse of (even many) existing regulations, is contrary to good logic."

Yet this is not an example but an assertion. What I would like would be something along the lines of "you shouldn't be allowed to shout fire (a false threat) in a theater - because crowds (groups) are excitable." I don't want that example. (It fails because it is just as wrong to make a false threat to a single person.) I want two of your own.

You have said that groups have some sort of epistemology that (presumably) can't be reduced to individual action. Either you have some actual cases in mind, or you are just looking for a way to rescue "regulation" and are being to clever by half in dragging in an unspecified "group" epistemology.

Since I don't want to put words in your mouth, you have to supply them - two concrete examples - for me.

---

* You can say, "Broken eggs are likely to be spoiled. Such eggs should not be consumed." But you can't simply say "Such dogs are dangerous" out of the blue, unless you have already referred to dogs previously. You say "such fraud" above when you haven't mentioned fraud before in the post.

Post 15

Tuesday, July 22, 2008 - 5:26amSanction this postReply
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Ted,

You are a tough audience, but attentive and thinking.

Okay, let's use the Enron collapse as one example. They were a public company, and so had an ethical obligation to keep their stockholders informed. They falsified their books to hide bad judgements and losses. Their key managers, knowing the true situation, lined their pockets by selling off their stocks at premium rates, while deliberately keeping both their employees and stockholders deceived about the true value. More offensively, they actively encouraged others to buy stock although they already knew the company was failing. Better regulation could have exposed their deceits, and thus protected their stockholders.

May as well use the current housing crisis as the second example. In this case, lenders (with maybe a few possible exceptions) were not behaving dishonestly, just carelessly. As with almost any market (oil another recent example), when prices are seen to be rising, speculators begin to drive prices up further, popularizing the risk until the bubble breaks. This, of course, will be sorted out by laissez faire if nothing else is there to correct the unwise, rampant speculation. However, the existence of regulations that could (only) set intelligent standards or guidelines to lending could have prevented or at least minimized the crisis by assuring known, responsible lending practices would be used.

The first example is clearly fraud. Regulations to protect people from such the dishonest actions are clearly police work. The second example is less police work than standardization of 'good principles and practices'. The good principles and practices already exist, but they are codified to prevent people from forgetting hard learned lessons of the past - i.e. protecting them from themselves.

While I believe regulatory authority is probably the most abused of any powers of government, I also think that the concept of regulatory authority is quite reasonable and consistent with logic and core Objectivism. Perhaps having a rational Group Objectivist philosophy in place would give us the tools to prevent the regulatory abuses we've seen.

jt

Post 16

Tuesday, July 22, 2008 - 5:48amSanction this postReply
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Hi Jay,

Regulatory enforcement does not fill the same role as the police. Both Enron and the current housing financial crisis arose at the roos from governemnt regulation and intervention. More of the same won't fix these problems.

Ethan


Post 17

Tuesday, July 22, 2008 - 8:31amSanction this postReply
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Jay,

You say,
"Perhaps having a rational Group Objectivist philosophy in place would give us the tools to prevent the regulatory abuses we've seen."
I notice that you have capitalized Group Objectivist as if it were already a body of knowledge, like Objectivist Ethics, or Objectivist Epistemology.

But at this point, there is no such body of knowledge to be used as a tool as you suggested. And I don't see that it is needed in the examples you raise.  You are arguing that there should be such a body of knowledge.  I can't completely agree or disagree without seeing what exactly it is that you are proposing.  (Not that that stops me from making some observations :-)

You said,
"I would expect one primary goal of group Objectivism to be the effective protection of individual rights. Yet since the nature of groups (conflictive personalities) effectively undermines any guarantee of rational self interest, what are correct and natural ethics for groups will ultimately differ from individual ethics, even though they strive to assure the same ultimate goal."
Okay, lets start with that.  You say that one primary goal would be effective protection... I assume you are talking about definition or identification rather than protection.  For example, Objectivist Ethics defines or identifies rights, it doesn't protect them.  The protection comes later from an environment that favors them, from laws or regulations that extrapolate the rights into code, or by the actions of legal entities (police, judges, etc) or self-defense.

From there you begin discussing the nature of groups... but I don't understand where this material is coming from.  Is there description of the nature of groups that we should be referring to?  Before we could call it "Objectivist," that would be a first step to accepting and integrating with the principles already at hand.

I don't agree that the
"nature of groups... undermines any guarantee of rational self-interest..." 
I can look at my own history, my self-interest, and my interactions with others (groups) and find that where conflict has frustrated some ends, it has been more than offset by the advantages of living in a social setting (groups).  For just one example, look at the extraordinary benefits of specialized labor.  Rand was quite aware of the potential for conflict and the role of ethics and law to protect the individual and she went out of her way to point out the beneficial side effect to all (group) of such a system.

Objectivist Ethics holds that a group does not have a natural right apart from the natural rights possessed by its individuals.  And I can see no way that you can derive a set of group rights, that don't conflict with the individual's rights and there is no way that you can give preference to a group rights with out saying, "Adios Objectivism."

You say,
"The authority of all regulatory agencies should be pared down to assure they do no more than fulfill their essential purpose - we need to carefully regulate the regulators." 
Agreed.  But there are two caveats:  an electorate or people will never be able to raise government to heights of ethical behavior that greatly exceed their own.  I know that it is like pissing in someones lemonade, but it has to be said, this is a slow, step-by-step process of education and implementation.  Second, it is a dangerous utopian path, one that has swallowed up much idealistic yearning and well-intentioned energy, that that leads one to act as if a system can be so perfected, or so engineered as to take away the need for an assertive, rational, educated populace.  That responsible, understanding citizenry is the only real check and balance against the thugs and thieves that would cloak themselves in government garb.  Everything else just slows down deterioration (while sometimes hiding problems and often confusing issues).

You wonder if Objectivism can,
"...be stretched or extended to cover societies, or should there have been more Objectivist study and analysis on the nature of groups..."
I say the basics are there in existing Objectivist understandings and the imperfect applications and bodies of knowledge already exit (like sociology, cultural anthropology, political science, psychology, etc.) - but these disciplines need to be reworked where they are inconsistent with a rational theory of human nature.  Nothing else is needed in the way of a new Group Objectivism.  There are group dynamics in the field of psychology - what is needed here is sorting out the material and doing enough reworking to ensure that the aspect of human choice, character, existing belief structures, etc. are properly woven in.  I'd say beware of the siren call of 'exciting' new studies or theories - academia is littered with them.

My field of interest, my area of greatest joy, is found at the intersection of three great intellectual roads: The theory of human nature, motivational psychology of the individual, and an evolutionary view of human culture.  If you want fresh new ground to plow in a multidisciplinary area - jump in.  Rand took care of the basics, there are enormous bodies of work in all the social sciences that can be Objectively 'deconstructed' - and reclaimed.


Post 18

Tuesday, July 22, 2008 - 6:42amSanction this postReply
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Ethan,

You say:"Regulatory enforcement does not fill the same role as the police. Both Enron and the current housing financial crisis arose at the roos from governemnt regulation and intervention. More of the same won't fix these problems."

Let's say I am using the term "police" in the broader sense, or we could perhaps simply substitute "the law". Regardless, I think I need to ask you the same as Ted asked of me - to provide concrete examples how these crisis arose from government regulation and intervention.

That such crisis can and do arise out of such interference, I will readily concede. There is no moral or ethical guideline established to adequately limit or restrict regulation, and certainly cases I can cite myself of gross government abuse of same. However, it cannot be simply assumed that all incidents are wholly result of established regulatory practice. They must be examined and documented as individual cases.

The fact that we, as Objectivists, are quick - often too quick - to blame regulations, sometimes only diminishes our credibility, and increases our opponents accusations that we adhere to dogma. We have to be very careful.

jt




Post 19

Tuesday, July 22, 2008 - 9:01amSanction this postReply
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Jay,

I could cite that evidence, and perhaps will, but let's not bog ourselves in the two concrete examples you offer. The proper question is, what is the proper role of government?

If, by policing, you mean that companies like Enron should be liable to their investors for fraudulent practices, I'd agree with that. That's a role for the courts though, and not "regulators" who seek to blanketly restrain all busniess for the sake of "protecting" people. The government can't and shouldn't do this. Explain to me why you think they can and should.

In the case of the housing/finance crisis, the goverment also can't and shouldn't protect people. If illegal actions took place you have grounds for legal action. Why should this be the job of the government?

Ethan


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