| | While dog-eat-dog is somewhat applicable for evolutionary biology, even there it is not a full description of reality. If life were a zero-sum game it could never have gotten started, never mind become more complex than bacteria. The eukaryotic cell (the type of cell shared by plants, fungi, animals and other creatures whose cells have nuclei, is a symbiotic chimaera. The chloroplasts and mitochondria are parasitic relatives of blue-green algae that became permanent colonists of the pre-eukaryotic ancestor and gave it the benefits of photosynthesis and oxygen-based respiration. The flagella, and the mitotic spindles that allowed sexual reproduction to evolve are also possibly derived from symbiotes. Then there are ants that farm fungi and bacteria that live in animal guts that allow them to digest cellulose, and even our intestinal flora that benefit us. Dogs and chickens are a lot more successful with man than without. Zero-sum and dog-eat-dog are far from true even in the non-human world.
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